Anatomical Position Definitions and Illustrations

The standard anatomical position is considered the reference position for a given organism. For humans, the standard position is at rest, standing erect while facing forward. Every other anatomical position is described with respect to this standard position. Anatomical positions are important because they give us a frame of reference for describing the body. Similar to a compass, they give us a universal way to describe the position of an organism. The concept of anatomical position is particularly important in medicine, as mistakes can occur if medical professionals do not have a shared point of reference for discussing patients bodies. Key Terms Supine: Horizontal position with the face oriented upProne: Horizontal position with the face oriented downRight lateral recumbent: Horizontal position with the right side oriented downLeft lateral recumbent: Horizontal position with the left side oriented downOther common positions include  Trendelenburgs  and  Fowlers  positions Anatomical Positions The four main anatomical positions are: supine, prone, right lateral recumbent, and left lateral recumbent. Each position is used in different medical circumstances. Supine Position Copyright Evelyn Bailey Supine position refers to a horizontal position with the face and upper body facing up. In the supine position, the ventral side is up and the dorsal side is down. A number of surgical procedures use the supine position, particularly when access to the thoracic area/cavity is needed. Supine is the typical starting position for human dissection as well as for autopsies. Prone Position Copyright Evelyn Bailey Prone position refers to a horizontal position with the face and upper body facing down. In the prone position, the dorsal side is up and the ventral side is down. A number of surgical procedures use the prone position. It is most commonly used for surgeries requiring access to the spine. The prone position also helps to increase oxygenation in patients with respiratory distress. Right Lateral Recumbent Position Copyright Evelyn Bailey The word lateral means to the side, while recumbent means lying down. In the right lateral recumbent position, the individual is lying on their right side. This position makes it easier to access a patients left side. Left Lateral Recumbent Position Copyright Evelyn Bailey The left lateral recumbent position is the opposite of the right lateral recumbent position. In this position, the individual is lying on their left side.  This position makes it easier to access a patients right side. Trendelenburg and Fowlers Positions Fowlers Position and Trendelenburg Position. Copyright Evelyn Bailey Other common positions include Trendelenburgs and Fowlers positions. Fowlers position has a person sitting up (straight or with a slight lean), while Trendelenburgs position has the person in a supine position with the head about 30 degrees lower than the feet. Fowlers position is named after George Fowler, who originally used the position as a way to help with peritonitis (inflammation of the membrane lining of the abdominal wall). Trendelenburgs position is named after Friedrich Trendelenburg and is often used in surgery and to improve venous blood return to the heart.

Essay on Its Time to Legalize Illegal Immigrants

Its Time to Legalize Illegal Immigrants Look at the world around you. Is it anything like it was 100 years ago? How about anything like it was 10 years ago? The world is changing at an alarming place. When this country was first founded, land west of the Mississippi was considered uncharted territory. It was seen as a whole new world. Nowadays, there is not a place on the planet that we haven’t been to. There are places on other planets that we have been to. The world has shrunk due to technological advancement. The world is globalizing. Some call it progress. They say that we are growing as a society and that change in inherently good. However, one must look at the nature in which we change. Is the world really becoming a†¦show more content†¦Often times the very workers that make globalization possible are the ones being mistreated and are being adversely affected by it. Steps must be taken to fix the moral oversight of globalization. Specifically I would like to look at the use of illegal immigrants to reduce the wages of workers. I want to look at the use of unfair competition to put the workers, farm workers in particular, in a very disadvantaged position. Steps can be taken to make the situation more just for all parties, but it may take a change in Mexican-American border policy. The idea of globalization causing suffering is not a new idea. In fact, it is accepted throughout the world. This is because people try to justify it. The common argument is that this is the natural process for growth in countries. Europe went through period of hardships during the Industrial Revolution, as did the United States. So when other countries show similar signs, it is seen as a good thing. People say that the county is developing and in time they will be a powerful country like America or Britain. A nation can only grow if it goes through certain stages, and those stages are inevitable, so we shouldn’t worry about them. I don’t know about you, but I see some pretty big logical holes in this theory. There are two major problems I see with this train ofShow MoreRelatedIllegal Immigrants : A Controversial And Key Immigration Issue1225 Words   |  5 PagesThe Illegal immigrant population in the United States is a controversial and key immigration issue. Our Author John Savant (2009) talks about illegal immigrants in his article â€Å"Imaging the Immigrant: Why legality must give way to humanity†. He is a professor of English at Dominican University of California. Illegal immigrants immigrate in search of a better life. On the other side author Lamar Smith (2014) talks about legalization of illegal immigrant in his article â€Å" Should illegal immigrants beRead MoreLiving With And Around Immigrant Community1684 Words   |  7 PagesLiving with and around immigrant community gives me personal experience of how legal and illegal immigrant families lives in United States. 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It is said to be the â€Å"land of the free† where people have the freedom to live without fearing a corrupt government, to practice any desired religion and express themselves in the way they seem most fit. America is that and much more. For many, it’s a place where dreams can become a reality, making the statement â€Å"the American dream† the most desired goal of those living in other parts of the worldRead MorePersuasive Essay On Illegal Immigration1860 Words   |  8 PagesIllegal Immigration has always been a problem in the US. The US is known as the mecca of the world, people come here for better life and opportunity. Even though we are advertised as the place to come to for a chance on a better your life, not all immigrants are legal in the US. Obtaining a visa is a long and hard process, and some people just dont have time to wait, so they take the risk of illegally entering the countr y. 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Goodbye, Columbus free essay sample

Who am I? This is a question everyone asks themselves at a point in their life, and is the exact question that Neil Klugman faces. In Phillip Roths novella Goodbye, Columbus, there is an ongoing search by Neil Klugman who, according to Helge Nilsen, is involved in a struggle to develop and preserve an identity of his own amid different environments and conflicting impulses within himself, (Nilsen, 97). This search predominately takes place after he meets and falls in love with the stunning Brenda Patimkin. Their love takes place in the summer of the 1950s in New Jersey. Although they both live in the garden state, they could not be further apart from each other in regards to affluence. Neil lives in Newark, where he houses with his Aunt and Uncle, and works at the Newark Public Library. Brenda on the other hand lives in the comfy confines of Short Hills, New Jersey. She lives with her mother, father, and two siblings, and has no economic issues due to her father’s successful Patimkin and Sons kitchen and sink business. In Neils relationship with Brenda, there will be many conflicts that challenge him morally, and he has to figure out whether his beliefs and morals outweigh the desire to obtain the luxurious life of the Patimpkins. Neil never really questions himself about who he is until he begins his relationship with Brenda. He defines himself through the decisions he makes when faced situations he must deal with. A constant factor in Neils decision making, and a component that is always in the back of his mind, is how to get closer to living the life Brenda has. Before meeting Brenda, Neil was living a relatively simple life. After meeting Breda, Neil realizes how great it is living life the way the Patimkins do. Deep down wants the same for him. This desire is evident when he is speaking with Mrs. Patimkin, Brendas mom, about religion. Both Neil and the Patimkins are Jewish, but that does not mean Neil necessarily takes any real interest in his religious background. In Reflections on Identity in Phillip Roths Goodbye Columbus and Mary Doyle Currans The Parrish and the Hill, author Sarah Chambers writes, Neil is an example of a third generation American who is less practicing then his parents. He no longer attends synagogue (Chambers, 6). Mrs. Patimkin on the other hand does, and is part of, written by Deborah Kuhnle in Jewish American Identity in Phillip Roths Goodbye, Columbus: An Analysis of Neil Klugman, a member of Hadassah, a Womens Zionist Organization which puts efforts into health care, education and the needs of Jewish children. (Kuhnle, 20). In their conversation, Mrs. Patimkin asks Neil what kind of Jew he is. Neil, unaware of what kind of Jew he actually is, contemplates what he should say and ends up answering by exclaiming, Well, I havent gone (to synagogue) in a long time. Im just Jewish. (Roth, 70). He hated this conversation with Brenda’s mother because he does not care about his religion as much as she does for herself. Although he does not like the conversation, Neil pretends to be interested because he does not want to rub Mrs. Patimpkin the wrong way, because if he does it ruins his chances of obtaining â€Å"the f-ing life†. Neil badly wants to live the life Brenda lives. Although he has passionate desire for this life, this does not mean Neil shares the same beliefs as Brenda. He believes that Brenda is somewhat of a spoiled child who Sarah Chambers describes as someone who enjoys the privileges and comfort that come with money. (Chambers, 2). Although Neil may not practice his Judaism, Sarah Chambers puts it, his secular Jewish identity is an integral part of his person. (Chambers, 6). Brenda wishes to conform to societal values, which is shown in her and Neils first conversation. Brenda brings up how she got nose surgery because she did not like the way she looked. This was because of what Deborah Kuhrle defines as, â€Å"A typical Jewish facial characteristic- a bump† (Kuhrle, 20). Hearing this, Neil does not understand why anyone would spend that much money on something that makes such an insignificant difference in a person’s appearance. Brenda goes on to say that her brother might also have his nose done. This sends Neil over the edge, and can no longer hide how he really feels. He goes on to say, I dont mean to sound facetious. I mean whys he doing it? (Roth 18). Neil morally objects to this, but does not want to come off too harsh because he, in the words of Brendas uncle, does not want to louse it up. Wishing to live a life he wants to live while still being morally strong is difficult/near impossible with Brenda. Although Neil has not loused it up with Brenda yet, he gets into what is his biggest fight with her since they have been together while visiting Brenda at college. Neil realizes while visiting her that he will make a decision that dictates his future. While in her dorm, the couple starts arguing about a forgotten diaphragm left in the Patimpkin house. The argument eventually turns into a fight about their future as a couple. Neil asks Brenda to disobey her parents for him. He asks this because he knows Brenda would never do such a thing, but if she did then that would prove her love for him. Ultimately she did not go against her parents, and Neil breaks up with her. Neil holds true to his morals and, as Bernard F. Rodgers says in his work â€Å"The Disapproving Moralist and the Libidinous Slob†, â€Å"Refuses to pay the price. He will not sacrifice his integrity for a comfortable position in the Patimpkin household, even if that means losing Brenda†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Rodgers, 42). After the break up, Neil ends up in front of a reflective mirror looking at himself. Deborah Kuhnle describes the significance of the scene by saying Neils self-reflection symbolizes that he can clearly see and state that he is not the way the Patimpkins are. (Kuhnle, 21). Although he wants the life Brenda has and the perks that come along with it, Neil ultimately stayed morally strong and did not falter in his beliefs. Sarah Chambers puts it in perfect words when exclaiming, (Neil) cannot commit to life in an environment that he feels will limit his personal development and play too great a role in defining his identity. (Chambers, 2). Its not only Neil in Phillip Roths novella Goodbye, Columbus who has identity problems. The Patimpkins also have identity issues that need to be worked out. Brenda, specifically, appears disconnected from her Jewish identity. When Neil and Mrs. Patimpkin are talking about the work Brenda does for Hasaddah, Mrs. Patimpkin refers to her daughter as nothing. (Roth 71). Also, down at Patimpkin and Sons, Mr. Patimpkin chimes in on his kids religious knowledge by saying, They’re goyim, my kids, that’s how much they understand. † (Roth 94). It is clear that due to their economic situation Brenda has abandoned her religion and does not feel as strongly about it as her mother and father once did. Another Patimpkin, who Chambers thinks has a phony sense of identity (Chambers, 8), is Ron. Ron, Brenda’s older brother, is almost a caricature of the All-American college athlete. (Chambers, 8). Throughout the novella, Neil would constantly talk about Rons hearty handshakes, and explains them further when he says, Before Id even reached them, Ron stepped forward and shook my hand, vigorously, as though he hadnt seen me since the Diaspora. (Roth 35). Also throughout the plot of Goodbye, Columbus, Neil continuously looks down upon Ron from an intellectual stand-point. Rons lack of depth (Chambers, 8) is shown when Neil asks him, How does it feel? † (Roth 57), referring to his upcoming wedding. Ron, who always lives in the past, thinks Neil is talking about an old sports injury. Chambers accurately states, â€Å"He is more focused on his measurable sporting achievements than on his emotional life or future with his wife. † (Chambers, 8). Ron can’t seem to move on from his old identity, one of a successful athlete, and shape the next chapter in his life. At the beginning stages in the plot of Goodbye, Columbus, Neil falls in love with what initially seems to be his soul mate, Brenda Patimpkin. At the start of their relationship, Neil seemed to be what Deborah Kuhrle puts as, â€Å"instable and insecure in religious and personal identity matters. † (Kuhrle, 21). As the novella progresses though, Neil’s instability and insecurities seem to fade away until he becomes morally impenetrable. The same cannot be said though for the Patimpkin siblings, Ron and Brenda, who still have much more soul-searching left in their quest to reveal their true selves. As Neil leaves Brenda though, he returns to what, â€Å"offers him the most genuine platform for personal development† (Chambers, 12) which is the library. Neil, unlike Ron and Brenda, has answered the question â€Å"who am I? † He has come to somewhat of a realization on who he really is and what he wants out of life, but as Kuhrle perfectly puts, â€Å"One’s identity can only become clearer but never be defined completely. † (Kuhrle, 21).

Jellyfish Essays - Developmental Biology, Zoology, Biology

Jellyfish - Because Cnidarians, including jellyfish, have two primary germ layers, they are considered dibloblastic . - Jellyfish are not the only example of radially symmetric organisms in the world. In fact, most members of the phylum to which jellyfish belong, HYPERLINK "http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Cnidaria/" \t "_blank" Cnidaria , exhibit radial symmetry, including most hydras, corals and sea anemones. The only other animals with this type of symmetry are echinoderms - Cephalization is the concentration of sensory organs as well as a brain in a specified head area. The anterior, or head, is where the sensory cells and organs, clusters of nerve cells, and organs for ingesting food are located. The posterior is on the opposite end of the cephalized animal, which may have a tail. Jellyfish do not have a brain, so they would not be considered cephalized . - A few animals, such as jellyfish and related creatures, are diploblasts . That means that they developed from only two basic tissue layers: the ectoderm and the endoderm. A coelom is the gut of tripolblasts . It is a completely encased, fluid-filled body cavity lined by mesodermic tissue. You will often see literature classifying animals as having or not having a coelom. The majority of animal phyla have coeloms. (Study.com 2014) - Cnidaria (Jellyfish) No Segmentation Habitat : Jellyfish are found in all of the Earth's oceans, including the very deep sea, as well as shallow saltwater lakes. Locomotion: Most jellyfish are essentially passive drifters carried along by currents; therefore even large jellyfish are classified as planktonic. Though mostly purely planktonic, most have structures that allow them to change direction and move up or down in the water column and some can even swim against weak currents. Body Systems and Adaptations : Most jellyfish do not have specialized digestive , osmoregulatory , central nervous , respiratory , or circulatory systems. The manubrium is a stalk-like structure hanging down from the centre of the underside, often surrounded by oral arms, which connects with the mouth/anus at the base of the bell. (Wiki 2015)